U.S. v. Virginia
From RationalWiki
| Part of the series on |
| U.S. Discrimination Law |
|
| Standards of Review |
| Other Legal Theories |
| Defining Moments in Law |
|
The 14th Amendment |
| Modalities of Constitutional Law |
| Issues in Constitutional Law |
Otherwise known as the VMI Case, U.S. v. Virginia was a Supreme Court case that resulted in the opening of Virginia Military Institute to women.[1]
VMI is a state sponsored military academy that has traditionally attempted to model itself on West Point. By the 1996 it was the last senior military college to prohibit women from joining its cadet corps (the national service academies changed their policies about women in the 1970s). The college forbade entry to women on the grounds that most women were neither capable nor willing to undergo the "adversative method" training at VMI. This decision may have been based on a "real difference," in that fewer women than men may wish to attend a military institution. There was one minor problem with VMI's position, it was a public university and the law prohibited public colleges from denying admission on the basis of sex. Justice Ginsburg wrote for the Court that the effect of this stereotype's persistence, and action upon it, precluded even those women who were capable from attending VMI. Viewing this action as stereotyping, the Supreme Court ordered VMI to accept female cadets, applying its intermediate scrutiny test.[2]
The holding pioneered the idea of "Intermediate scrutiny," that the Court would inspect any classification on the basis of gender at a heightened level of review, to see that a "compelling" state interest was being served by the classification. Such a review, in the gender cases, would involve an inquiry into whether there was a "real difference" between men and women that was implicated, or simply an imagined or stereotyped difference. In applying the test here, Justice Ginsburg noted that the reasons for pursuing single-sex education were not sufficient to outweigh the harm posed to women by forbidding them an education at VMI.
The Court noted that remedial programs, including a separate all-women parallel to VMI, were insufficient, building upon the language of Sweatt v. Painter to suggest that an educational institution is more than just a building, but a reputation that all genders & races deserve access to, and that no duplicate institution could possibly replicate.
Justice Scalia dissented, noting that the benefits of single-sex education outweighed any stereotyping harm.
[edit] Results
VMI chose to comply with the ruling rather than privatize itself (primarily due to the costs involved). While VMI has since opened its doors to female cadets it only seems to have done so in a halfway manner. Unlike the US military, the service academies, and other public military colleges, VMI has not adopted gender-normative standards for physical training, meaning female cadets are judged on the same standards as their male counterparts. This is essentially a way of discriminating against all but the physically strongest female cadets, since failure to meet PT requirements could result in dismissal from the college. On the plus side, VMI explicitly prohibits gender based harassment of its cadets, which has helped to ease the transition to being co-ed.
Finally a group of disgruntled VMI alumni who did not agree with the court's ruling have formed a Neo-Confederate organization called Southern Military Institute, hoping to recapture the spirit of the VMI of the 19th Century (translation: all male and all white). Luckily these people don't actually have a campus or students.
